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A presidential election was held as part of the Kenyan general election on 27 December 2007; parliamentary elections were held on the same date.〔(ECK sets poll date as Raila maintains lead ) ''The Standard'', 26 October 2007〕 Incumbent President Mwai Kibaki was declared the winner and sworn in at State House Nairobi on 30 December, despite opposition leader Raila Odinga's claims of victory.〔("Dozens dead in Kenya poll clashes" ), BBC news(''BBC''), 31 December 2007.〕〔("Protests as Kenya's president begins 2nd term after allegations of rigging, deadly violence" ), Associated Press (''International Herald Tribune''), 31 December 2007.〕 There is agreement in the international community that the elections were at least partially manipulated. In July 2008, an exit poll commissioned by the US was released, revealing that Odinga won the election by a comfortable margin of 6%, 46% to 40%, well outside of the exit poll's 1.3% margin of error.〔The Nation, 11 July 2008 http://web.archive.org/web/20080724031125/http://www.nationmedia.com/dailynation/nmgcontententry.asp?category_id=2&newsid=127059 US-funded exit poll says Raila won elections〕 The election was strongly marked by tribalism, with Kibaki a member of the traditionally dominant Kikuyu ethnic group getting much support amongst people of Central Kenya i.e. Kikuyu and neighbouring groups like Embu and Meru. Odinga, as a member of the Luo ethnic group, succeeded in creating a wider base by building a coalition with regional leaders from the Luhya in Western Kenya, Kalenjin from the Rift Valley and Muslim leaders from the Coast Province. The third place candidate, Kalonzo Musyoka, had his base mainly amongst the Kamba. Following the announcement of Kibaki's victory, civil unrest broke out which was often directed against members of Kibaki's ethnic group residing outside their traditional settlement areas.〔(Nine to fight it out as Kibaki cleared )''The Standard'', 16 November 2007〕 Kenneth Matiba of Saba Saba Asili joined the race after a 10-year political hiatus. Other candidates were Joseph Ngacha Karani (Kenya Patriotic Trust), Nixon Jeremiah Kukubo (Republican Party of Kenya), Pius Muiru (Kenya Peoples’ Party), David Waweru Ng’ethe (Chama Cha Umma) and Nazlin Omar (Workers Congress Party).〔( Kibaki cleared to seek second term )''Daily Nation'', 16 November 2007〕 == Timeline and preparations == Incumbent president Mwai Kibaki declared on 26 January 2007 his intentions of running for re-election, even though he had previously declared at the 2002 elections that he needed only one term as president.〔(Kibaki declares he is ready for a second presidential term ) ''The Standard''〕 At the time ODM-Kenya coalition was expected to field the strongest challenger for Kibaki. The main parties affiliated to ODM-Kenya were LDP and KANU.〔(ODM’s long and bumpy journey ) The Standard, 7 October 2007〕 At the time of the 2002 elections, LDP was part of the NARC movement backing Kibaki, but were dismissed from the cabinet after the 2005 constitutional referendum.〔(Raila to President: Spare me the blame, I was in your Cabinet for only three years ) Daily Nation, 20 October 2007〕 KANU, on the other hand is a former ruling party, but the former president Daniel arap Moi was among its faction opposing its involvement with the ODM-Kenya coalition.〔(No Let-Up in Kanu Row Over ODM ) Daily Nation, 17 November 2006〕 KANU and LDP had originally teamed up for the 2005 referendum, under the banner Orange Democratic Movement.〔(Q&A: Kenya political crisis ) BBC News, 8 December 2007〕 ODM-Kenya split in two in August 2007, with one faction (ODM-Kenya) led by Kalonzo Musyoka, while others joined the original ODM. KANU left the coalition. Former president Daniel arap Moi announced his support for the re-election of Kibaki, his former political enemy, in late August,〔("Moi throws weight behind Kibaki" ), BBC News, 28 August 2007.〕 and Uhuru Kenyatta followed the suit and announced his support for Kibaki in mid-September. Kenyatta had earlier vied for presidential candidacy on the ODM ticket before he and his party KANU had ditched the coalition. KANU will field its own parliamentary candidates.〔("Ex-rival backs Kibaki re-election" ), BBC News, 14 September 2007.〕 Several ODM members vied for presidency, including Kalonzo Musyoka, Raila Odinga, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, Najib Balala, Musalia Mudavadi and Joseph Nyagah.〔"It's make or break as ODM leaders start forum to decide on candidate", ''Daily Nation'', 11 January 2007.〕 Following the August 2007 split, the ODM-K appointed Musyoka as its candidate on 31 August〔Malcolm Webb, ("Kenya's Opposition Chooses Presidential Candidate" ), VOA News, 31 August 2007.〕〔Eric Shimoli and Dave Opiyo, ("Kenya: Kalonzo Picked to Hoist ODM-K Flag" ), ''The Nation'' (allAfrica.com), 1 September 2007.〕 and the ODM elected Odinga as its candidate on 1 September.〔("Kenya: It's Raila for President" ), ''East Africa Standard'' (allAfrica.com), 1 September 2007.〕 On 16 September 2007, Kibaki announced that he would stand as the candidate of a new alliance called the Party of National Unity, which will include a number of parties, including KANU,〔("Kenyan president announces new party affiliation for re-election bid" ), Associated Press (''International Herald Tribune''), 16 September 2007.〕〔("Kenya president eyes re-election" ), BBC News, 16 September 2007.〕 DP, Narc-Kenya, Ford-Kenya, Ford People, and Shirikisho among others.〔 He began his presidential campaign on 30 September at Nyayo Stadium in Nairobi.〔("Kibaki: I deserve another term" ), AFP (News24.com), 30 September 2007.〕 Odinga launched his campaign in Uhuru Park on 6 October 2007.〔Anthony Kaikai, ("ODM party launches its Presidential campaigns" ), Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, 6 October 2007.〕〔("Kenya opposition kicks off campaign, says 3 supporters shot" ), Associated Press (''International Herald Tribune''), 6 October 2007.〕 On the same day, three ODM supporters were shot (one of them fatally), allegedly by bodyguards of Stanley Livondo, who is running as the PNU candidate for Odinga's seat in parliament. Livondo was arrested, along with two of his bodyguards and released later.〔 In October, Odinga led Kibaki in opinion polls. Two cabinet ministers, first Health Minister Charity Ngilu and then Regional Cooperation Minister John Koech, backed Odinga in October; Kibaki dismissed Ngilu from the cabinet.〔("Kenyan presidential hopeful gains favour" ), AFP (''IOL''), 12 October 2007.〕 Pius Muiru, a bishop and the leader of Kenya Peoples Party (KPP), officially launched his bid for the presidency on 21 October 2007 at Kamukunji grounds.〔(Bishop tells voters to send off Kibaki and his team ) The Standard, 22 October 2007〕 Parliament was dissolved on Tuesday 23 October, paving way for the Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) to announce the election date.〔Martin Mutua and Edith Fortunate, ("Curtain falls on Ninth Parliament" ), ''The Standard'', 23 October 2007.〕 The date was officially announced on 26 October 2007 by the ECK, stating the elections would be held on Thursday 27 December 2007.〔(Kenya Elections set for Dec 27 ) ''Nationmedia.com'', 26 October 2007〕 Opinion polls in late October put Odinga at 50% support, Kibaki at 39%, and Musyoka at 8%.〔("Kenya: Could the president be ousted?" ), ''The Economist'', 1 November 2007〕 The poll released in early November put Odinga at 45%, Kibaki at 41% and Musyoka at 11%, while on 23 November a poll placed Odinga and Kibaki at about the same level, with 43.6% and 43.3% support respectively.〔("Kibaki neck-and-neck with challenger" ), Reuters (''IOL''), 23 November 2007.〕 Presidential candidates presented their nomination papers on the 14 and 15 November to the ECK and 9 candidates were cleared to be on the ballot in December.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kenyan presidential election, 2007」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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